Details: Unusually fine small forest with extensive spring wildflowers. The area contains one of the few known stands of snow trillium in Wayne County. There is also the remains of an Indian mound, which was excavated by Joseph Moore of Earlham College. The area is named for a large glacial erratic boulder located in Lick Creek, which lies at the foot of the north facing slope.

uses.

Main Interest: Falls and fossils in attractive setting. Small stream flowing over Ordovician limestone bedrock which consists of fossiliferous rock layers interbedded with blue clay.

Details: Wide drainage cut through to Ordovician bedrock, creating a stream valley with steep banks and small falls, and exposing several strata of fossils. Attractive vegetation, including scouring rushes. This area should include adjacent mature woodlands to the southeast and the wooded hillside on the north side of Hunt Road.

Suggested Uses: The area is suitable for a county park and natural area of biological and geological interest.

Recommendations: No. 1 priority. Preservation for supervised educational and scientific fossil collecting and for picnicking and recreational uses.

Location: SE 1/4, Sec. 31; SW 1/4, Sec. 32; T13N, T1W, and NE 1/4, Sec. 6; NW 1/4, Sec. 5; T12N, R1W.

Access: Off Esteb Rd. about 1/2 mile S. of Endsley Rd. Enter the Sedgwick's Rock Preserve and proceed southeast upstream along Boston Creek, or one of its tributary streams.

Details: Most of this large wooded tract is in the natural state with little or no evidence of cutting. It is dry, steeply sloping valleysides of the three small streams for which it is named. Excellent wildflower, bird, and native mammal habitat.

Suggested Uses: This area would be an excellent extension of Sedgwick's Rock Preserve. Hence, it is suggested primarily for scientific and educational purposes. Some portions might be effectively developed for hiking or nature trails.

Access: Just south of I-70 and one-fourth mile east of the Centerville Road.

Details: This is a glacial kettle of 75 acres. A pollen profile was taken which shows 20,000 years of vegetative succession. Flora and fauna is typical of bog habitat.

Suggested Uses: Of main interest to geological and biological study groups. This bog should be preserved as a typical representative of this rare habitat in Wayne County.

Comment: As of 1993, drained but remains wooded and would still contain pollen profiles.

Main Interest: Cemetery of early pioneers and surrounding area, which has been capably developed by Cambridge Wildlife Restoration Club.

Details: From the center of this 8 acre area a wooded hill falls away eastward ending in a swamp (glacial pothole). In the area is a possible glacial large boulder with large grooves, a well-drained forest, buttonbush in swamp, a small meadow area, large variety of wildlife, and virgin maple and beech trees. Shrubs and flowering plants are being replaced by the Club.

Suggested Uses: Since this whole area has been restored and improved with a trail through different habitats, replanting and replacing destroyed native flora, the Cambridge Wildlife Restoration Club plans to make this a conservation and nature study area for all groups interested in the conservation of renewable natural resources. It is suggested that the area be preserved because it is a rare spot of land of great value, due to the old trees and its potential contribution to future outdoor education.

Access: From Centerville Road and just SW of Norfolk- Southern tracks

Details: This area is made up of several farms covering 3/4 x 1/3 miles. The land is rolling with several swampy areas and evidence of glacial deposit stones and glacial kettles, medium and wet forest, and stream running through. Abundant plant and wildlife indigenous to type area. Particularly notable are quantities of white violets in stream valley.

Main Interest: Scattered calcareous seeps and fens within a young mesic forest.

Access: From the intersection of Salisbury Rd. and Test Rd. go about 3/4 miles east. Trail, on the west side of Clear Creek Bridge, leads north to the general area.

Resource Inventory Council Natural Areas in 1993.

Main Interest: An attractive wooded area that should be considered as an addition to Conservation park.

Details: Includes the West Fork of the East Fork Corridor and its adjoining bluffs on the west side north of the Waterfall Road. Nearby, across the road south, are the Thistlethwaite Falls and the privately owned Horseshoe Lake. The latter has long been a site for collecting hydra, the freshwater coelenterate.

Access: The mill, now a residence, is on the east side of Rt. 227 1/4 mile north of Middleboro. The woods are best reached 3/4 mile northeast on the Hollansburg Rd., on the west side.

Details: Southeast sloping woodlands extend onto the floodplain of the Middle Fork of the East Fork Corridor. The remnants of the millrace, which diverted water to Cox's Mill, may be seen. The stream waters flow over limestone bedrock. This exposure of bedrock is quarried about a mile north of the woods.

Recommendations: No. 1 priority. Whole area of considerable historic and aesthetic value.

Location: S/W 1/4, Sec. 33; SE 1/4 Sect. 32; NE 1/4, Sec. 5; NW 1/4; Sect. 4; T13N; R14 E.

Access: Located 1-3/4 miles south of Rt. 40 on Airport Road. Accessible also from Mattie Harris Road, Study Road, and Shoemaker Road.

Details: This is the largest single wooded tract in Wayne County, comprised of land under several ownerships. It is a very interesting area, including a variety of sites; wet, medium and dry woods; glacial till deeply incised with streams; it is hilly with steep slopes; and contains wide variety of birds and animals, including: flying squirrels, raccoons and foxes, whippoorwills, owls in pines, nesting woodcock, as well as the common species; and valuable complex of plants hard to duplicate.

Suggested Uses: Preserve in natural state for education-scientific purposes and/or develop with hiking trails.

Comment: In 1990 the marketable timber was cut from the 80 acres owned by Nancy Hoff but reforestation by Mike Hoff and others continues to make the whole area a high priority.

Main Interest: Ordovician fossils, falls and valley. International reference site type locality of Elkhorn formation.

Access: Directly downstream of the Elkhorn Creek Bridge on Rt. 127 (Boston Pike) 2 miles southeast of Richmond.

Details: This is a rolling area. The type site for the Elkhorn formation of the Upper Ordovician. It serves as an international reference site. The falls and lower valley is a typical example of falls advance and lower valley erosion effect. The vegetation and wildlife are typical of rocky cliffs, small wooded areas, meadows and stream margins. The area is also of historical interest as an early settlement and mill location.

Suggested Uses: Area should be preserved and opened to study groups under controlled conditions. Area has been closed in the past, and possibly still is. A site to which reference is made in geological writings throughout the world should be preserved and made accessible.

Recommendations: No. 1 priority. The area should be in public ownership and preserved as a park and a site of major geological and historical significance.

Details: This large bog area was originally one of the best examples of this type of habitat in Wayne County. In recent years, however, planned drainage has reduced the water level and has seriously altered the area. Its continuous significance as a bog habitat is thus in question.

Suggested Use: If drainage could be stopped the area might revert successfully to a bog habitat. If so, preservation would be recommended.

Comment: This area was gradually drained for agriculture. With proper management this could revert to a bog habitat. There still are a few plants characteristic of a bog. An effort should be made to inform owners of the importance of the area.

Main Interest: This is a well-managed classified woodlot, with contrast of grazed woodlot adjacent. Shows good example of well managed and poorly managed woods conveniently side by side.

Access: Located about one (1) mile north of Whitewater on Rt. 227, west side of road.

Details: Flat land, Cosby and Brookston soils, forest is medium to wet. Excellent stand of mixed hardwoods. Usual birds and animals with croplands, as well as nesting sites and cover available.

Suggested Uses: As study for forestry, nature and conservation and good and bad woodland management.

Main Interest: This is being managed by the Audubon society as a bird sanctuary.

Details: Special plantings of trees and shrubs have been made to provide cover and food for native birds. The habitats vary from floodplain, brush, to wooded hillsides. Walking paths provide easy access.

Suggested Uses: The area should continue under the management of the Audubon society, with the cooperation of the owners, Friends United Meeting and SPUR.

Comment: In 1993 there is not an active Audubon Society in Richmond. The sanctuary is in a neglected state. All marketable timber has been sold.

Main Interest: Flood plain of Greens Fork Creek. Over two miles of stream through wooded pasture.

Details: Unpolluted stream. Heavily, but not overgrazed woodlots. Indigenous wildlife and plants. Migratory water and land birds. Butternut and pawpaw trees.

Details: This is the largest glacial kame in the region. It is well wooded. A portion of the southwest side has been used for removing gravel in the past. The kame is located on the Klemperer farm.

Suggested Use: The kame and its wooded cover should be preserved as a natural feature of considerable geological interest.

Main Interest: One of largest burr oaks known. Approximately 350 years old. On treaty line. 18' 4" in circumference, 5-6 feet in diameter.

Location: Beside Boundary Rd. near the intersection with Overman Road.

Suggested Uses: An area 20' x 20' should be fenced to protect roots, lightning arrestor needed. Cooperation of highway department and REMC needed to protect and preserve. Fountain City Lions may be interested in assisting.

Access: In the extreme northeast corner of Wayne Co. A few hundred feet west of Elliott Rd. and .4 miles south of Randolph County Line Rd.

Comment: In 1993 the elevation site was marked and a fence stile was erected.

Main Interest: Large managed tree farm and adjacent beech-maple and oak-hickory forest.

Details: In addition to the developed portion of this arboreal farm, the area contains over 100 acres of native beech-maple and oak-hickory woodlands. These contain excellent stands of wildflowers and typical indigenous vegetation.

Suggested Uses: The natural forested areas should be preserved in their present state for scientific and recreational uses. They are an interesting contrast to the managed portions of the farm. The farm itself should be of interest to area residents who are interested in land use.

Details: This woods of about 50 acres contains a fine stream with interesting rock formations rich in fossils. Snakes and salamanders are abundant.

Road North.

Recommendations: No.1 priority area.

Approximately 50 acres - Dalton Township

Main Interest: Mixed hardwood forest managed for timber production.

Location: Sect. 23, T18N, R12E.

Access: On Route 1 north of Route 35.

Recommendations: No. 2 priority.

Approximately 80 acres - Green Township

Location: SW 1/4, Sec. 21, T18N, R14E.

Approximately 100 acres - Wayne Township

Main Interest: Varied woodland with native trees, wildflowers and birds.

Location: SE 1/4, Sect. 11; NE 1;4, Sec. 14; T13N, R1W.

Approximately 120 acres - Washington Township

Main Interest: Mixed hardwoods forest.

Location: Sect. 3, T15N; R13E.

Access: End of Log Cabin Road.

15 acres - Boston Township

Location: Sect. 31 (center), T13N, R1W.

Recommendations: No. 1 priority.

Approximately 1 acre - Wayne Township

Main Interest: Last known shingle oak trees remaining in Wayne County.

Location: SE 1/4, Sect. 28, T14N, R1W.

Recommendations: No. 1 priority.

Approximately 150 acres - Abington Township

Suggested Uses: This site could be fine wildlife area for use by Camp

3. Flat stones met many building needs and limestone could be burned to make lime for

mortar.

IV. Clay was available for bricks and tile.

V. Gravel was plentiful for road building.

To conquer this wilderness and establish their new homes required unbelievable backbreaking labor. Fortunate was the pioneer who had several sons but mostly the first settlers helped each other. The land had to be cleared to produce crops for food. The first step was to girdle trees so they dropped their leaves and let the sunlight through. The actual clearing came later and what was not needed for buildings, fences, etc., was simply burned. It is easy for us to condemn our forefathers for stripping the land, but to them tillable soil was a matter of survival.

The Glacial Period of 20,000 years ago which covered Wayne County time after time with mile high ice dropped an ideal mixture of ground rock from which the rich soil was developed. The five (5) major streams or waterways which traverse the county in a southwesterly direction were established by the vast run off of the melting ice caps and the topography of the debris dropped by the glaciers. This tremendous volume of melt water, laden with sand and other grinding materials, cut the Whitewater Gorge in the limestone laid down while a warm shallow sea covered the region four (4) million years ago. This limestone provides the best outcrop of the Ordovician fossils to be found and the paleontologists from all over the world frequent the area to study and collect. This limestone is found in relatively thin layers interspersed with blue clay or marl. This made quarrying operations easy and much of the stone for foundations, chimneys, sidewalks and curbs was taken from the East Fork of the Whitewater River.

The quality of the soil, the climate and the abundant streams were very favorable to the development of the dense hardwood forests, which the pioneers found. These resources and the wildlife nurtured here attracted a race of people who lived here from 1000 BC to 700 AD. They have been called the "Woodland Society" and they disappeared as mysteriously as they came. However, the map shows the location of 112 sites of mounds they built (Ellen Stapleton Study for SPUR). Some were for burial grounds, while others were for living quarters, defense or ceremonial purposes. Relatively few are still visible and only five (5) are shown on map IX.

Later American Indians recognized the area for the game and fish supported by the forests and streams and it became a favorite hunting preserve. They practiced real conservation and came here only for the food they needed. Their closest villages were near Muncie, Indiana or Wapakoneta, Ohio. Most of the arrowheads and artifacts found in the area were from the "Woodland Society".

The Indians deeply resented the loss of a large portion of their "hunting ground" when their defeat by General Anthony Wayne (for whom the county was named), in 1795 forced them to sign the Greenville Treaty. This treaty line, shown on the map, enters Wayne County northeast of Fountain City, angles to the southwest and leaves the county near Abington. This area known as the Gore because of its triangular shape, opened approximately one-third (1/3) of the county for settlement after it was surveyed. This came at the time when Revolutionary War veterans were desperately looking for land and the Quakers were leaving their land in Virginia and the Carolinas because of their opposition to slavery.

Indian resistance continued and after another defeat at the hands of General William Henry Harrison in 1809, they were forced to sign another treaty known as the "Twelve Mile Purchase". This line parallels the Greenville Line, twelve (12) miles to the west. It passes through the west edge of Cambridge City. This opened most of the balance of Wayne County and helped bring about the War of 1812. Fear of marauding Indians resisting the loss of their hunting ground forced settlers to build blockhouses for protection. The map shows the approximate location of about twenty (20), mostly in the Twelve-Mile Purchase Zone. By 1823, Wayne County was so thickly settled it was the most populous county in Indiana. The land was all claimed usually in quarter section plots (160 acre) or smaller because of the vast labor to clear it. At least twenty (20) villages had been established and a few had already disappeared.

The 1874 map shows much of the history of the settlement of Wayne County. Fifteen (15) townships had been established, each with at least one village. Thirty-seven (37) gristmills (all but two were water powered) were scattered at convenient distances, to grind the corn and wheat which provided the pioneers with their main food. Forty-seven (47) saw mills, even more widely scattered, were built to saw building lumber from the logs. Twenty (20) of these were steam mills, which, of course, burned scraps and sawdust from their own cutting. More new mills were required because it was easier to haul a sack of grain to the mill than a log.

There were eighty-nine (89) churches, over half rural, which helped the pioneer families meet the rigors of pioneer life. There were sixty-two (62) cemeteries nearly all of which still exist. Nearly every rural church had one, as did each village, besides several family burial plots.

Roads were vital to the developing communities. Private investors formed turnpike companies, and they built roads joining the villages and leading to Centerville, the county seat, and Richmond, the largest commercial center. In 1850 these companies were combined into the Wayne County Turnpike Company. Their office is still standing on the east side of Chester Boulevard opposite Waterfall Road. They operated twenty-two (22) turnpikes, including the National Road and the map shows forty-six (46) tollgates located at strategic places to collect fees for the use of the roads. In the early 1890's, the townships purchased these roads from the turnpike company. In addition, the townships maintained the lesser roads that usually followed section lines. The townships in Wayne County were fortunate because stream-washed gravel, in unlimited amounts, was available in each one. It was the custom for farmers to pay their taxes by hauling gravel for these roads each year after the harvest time. Sometimes twenty (20) to fifty (50) wagons would be working in one township. The wagons held a square yard of gravel. A wagon would be positioned on the road and one sideboard lifted. The bottoms, were made of timbers about four and one-half inches wide and one by one these would be tipped, dumping the gravel under the wagon on the road where desired. Freezing and thawing in winter and blowing dust in summer made gravel hauling an endless job. However, the countless yards of gravel dumped on the Wayne County roadbeds through the years provided a good base for black topping, which came later.

After World War 1, the state took over the maintenance of the main roads and the counties assumed the burden of the remainder.

In the early 1840s a canal was constructed along the West Fork of the Whitewater from Brookville through Milton to Cambridge City and then extended to Hagerstown. Constant washouts from heavy rains and the steep gradient made the cost of maintenance prohibitive and it had to be abandoned before 1850. While it operated, it was a great benefit to the areas it served and provided the cheapest and swiftest transportation to the Cincinnati market. Its early success tempted Richmond speculators to attempt an East Fork branch from Brookville to Richmond. Forty-five thousand dollars ($45,000) was raised and construction begun at three points. The side ditch along the west side of the old Liberty Pike between Backmeyer and Beelor Hills still shows evidence of this effort. The terminal was to be where the Starr Piano Plant was later built.

The railroad boom hit Wayne County in the early 1850s and, of course, hastened the demise of the canals. These were built in short segments by local investors and later joined to form the rail networks. The first to be completed was the Indiana Central from Richmond to Indianapolis. Other lines were from Richmond to Laton, Ohio, which joined another to Cincinnati and another line went east to Dayton. Still another went to New Castle and soon other segments were added which led to Chicago. In the western part of the county a company bought the towpath of the Whitewater Canal and built a rail line, which extended from Hagerstown to Cincinnati. By the time the atlas was published a line was built from Richmond to Fort Wayne which later

became the G.R. & I. The map also shows a proposed line through Cambridge City to the northeast, which was never built. Still another uncompleted line was planned from Richmond to the southwest. A cut made for it is still visible east of Salisbury Road about 1/4 mile south of Route 40. Like the roads, the railroads drew on the gravel resources of Wayne County. Lake Wehi, until recently our largest body of water, was the result of gravel taken for the Indiana Central and later main line of the Pennsylvania. The deep trench north of Northwest L and west of Northwest 5th in Richmond furnished gravel for the G.R. & I.

This form of transportation should be mentioned although it did not appear until 1890. Individual cars were driven by electricity. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis and Eastern built a line along the north side of the National Road through Richmond to Dayton. In the villages the tracks were in the center of the National Road and in Richmond they used the streetcar tracks originally laid for cars pulled by mules or horses. A spur line was built from Cambridge City through Milton to Connersville. Interurban lines radiated out of Indianapolis to almost any point in the state. Wherever they went the villages served were the first to have electricity.

Almost every village had a blacksmith shop, pottery, tan yard and harness or saddle shop, saw mill, slaughterhouse where pork was usually packed for market and the usual mercantile stores. The atlas shows seven (7) brick yards, five (5) tile plants, two (2) lime kilns, three (3) limestone quarries, five (5) woolen mills, two (2) paper mills, one (1) sorghum mill and one (1) knife factory. Agricultural implements were manufactured in Milton, Dublin and Richmond. The power for these enterprises was either from waterwheels, horses on treadmills or steam. Steam plants depended on wood at least until railroads made coal available. All of these enterprises served the basic needs of a developing territory.

This map repeats the sites already listed in the National Registry and the Indiana Survey and attempts to indicate a few of the significant buildings that remain. There are only three (3) mills still standing. The Cox Mill in Middleboro has been converted to a private residence. The Moffit Mill located at 1136 North 12th Street in Richmond is the warehouse for the Ace Automotive Supply Company. Part of a sawmill on Hiser Road still stands but is in ruins. A Tollhouse for the Richmond-Williamsburg Turnpike still stands where Northwest 5th crosses the pike in Richmond. Another stands at the corner of the Pennville and Pottershop Roads. The abutments for the National Road Bridge are still visible just below the Main Street Bridge in Richmond. The part of the Swayne Robinson Plant facing National Road was built in 1842 and should be preserved if at all possible.

The two Historic Districts in Richmond and the one in Centerville are a step toward preserving some of the significant historic buildings. Other districts are possible in East Germantown, Cambridge City and Dublin. Registration of individual buildings requires someone to take the time to go through some red tape and, of course, the consent of owners.

Our heritage is too rich to have all evidences wiped out by highways, parking lots and modern architecture.

Prepared by Robert N. Huff, 1976

The Wayne County Soil & Water Conservation District, the Wayne County Department of Planning, and the Richmond Department of City Planning requested in 1972 that this study be made. The Department of Natural Resources, State of Indiana, established previously for the study to be carried out with assistance of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service as authorized under Section 6, PL 83-566, as amended.

The purpose of the Flood Hazard Study is to define areas subject to flooding so that adequate measures may be established to limit land use and future development in flood-prone areas, thereby reducing flood damages. Areas subject to inundation by a 100-year frequency flood were identified for all stream studies. Flood limits for the 50-year frequency flood and Standard Project Flood are identified and shown in the reports.

The nine studies have been completed in order to accomplish the following objectives:

1. Identify flood hazard areas for planning and zoning purposes for the orderly control of

land use.

2. Preserve adequate flood ways along the streams.

The nine systems and reports include the following streams:

1. Short Creek
2. Lick & Clear Creek

 

3. West Fork, Nettle and Criety Creek
4. Noland's Fork - Branch of West Fork

 

5. Greens Fork - Branch of West Fork
6. Martindale Creek - Branch of West Fork

7. West Fork, Middle Fork, East Fork of the Whitewater River

Each study provides:

I. Description of Study area:

A. Drainage Area

B. Channel Gradient of Floodway Velocities

II. Flood History

III. Flood Potential - Present Condition

IV. Flood Plain Management

A. Effective Flood Plain Management State of Indiana

B. View of Regulatory Flood Plan

V. Appendix A - Index Map

VI. Appendix B - Flood Hazard Area Photo Maps

VII. Appendix C - Flood Profiles

8. Appendix D - Selected Cross Sections
9. Appendix E - Flood Frequency - Elevation - Discharge Data

X. Appendix F - Investigations, Analysis and Technical Data

XI. Appendix G - Glossary

XII. Appendix H - Bibliography

This Flood Hazard Analysis Data and Information is available at Wayne County Plan Department, Richmond City Plan Department, other Planning Guide Units of Wayne County, Wayne County Soil and Water Conservation District and Soil Conservation Service Office.

This map shows, by use of contour lines, the topography, or shape of the land surface, of Wayne County. The contour lines were taken from appropriate U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps (see list below) and were replotted onto a Wayne County base map. This map provides a means for visualizing the overall form of the landscape and it allows close estimation of the elevation of any location in the county. It also makes possible determination of such things as relief (difference in elevation between high and low points) and angle and uniformity of slope. An understanding of contour lines is necessary in order to use the map most effectively.

A contour line is simply an imaginary line that connects all points on the earth's surface having a particular elevation above sea level. A contour or topographic map is a map that shows contour lines. For example, all points exactly 1,000 feet above sea level would form (and lie on) the 1,000 feet contour line. One way to visualize the nature of this contour line is to imagine that sea level rises by 1,000 feet, thereby covering parts of Wayne County. The resulting shoreline would occupy the position of the 1,000 feet contour line; the area on one side of it, below 1,000 feet, would be submerged while the area on the other side, above 1,000 feet, would be dry land. If this imaginary sea rises another 20 feet, the new shoreline would be along the 1,020 contour line of the map. If it rose another 20 feet, it would be along the 1,040 feet contour line. This vertical distance, or difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines, 20 feet in this example, is called the contour interval. On the Wayne County map the interval is 50 feet. The elevation of each contour line is indicated by the small number along the line.

The surface elevation of any location in Wayne County can be determined by its relationship to contour lines. A point that is directly on a contour line obviously has the same elevation as that line. A point that is between two contour lines has an elevation that must be between those of the two adjacent lines. This elevation can be estimated by noting how close the point is to each line. Thus, a point midway between the 1,000 and the 1,050 foot contour lines would be about 1,025 feet above sea level; a point two-thirds of the way from the 1,000 feet contour line toward the 1,050 feet contour line would have an elevation of about 1,035 feet.

Any contour line, if it is followed far enough, will always curve around to connect with the other end of the same line thereby enclosing space within the line. The area inside a closed contour line is higher than the line and that outside the line is lower, thus the summit of a hill is inside the highest (and smallest) of a group of more-or-less concentric lines. Some lines must be traced for great distances to "close". For instance, the 5 feet contour line along the California coast must be followed all the way around the North American continent, but others "close" within small areas, such as the 1,100 feet line in section 24, one mile east of Hagerstown. Most of the contour lines on the Wayne County map do not "close" within the map area.

Contour maps are used to show the shape, height, and steepness of the hills, valleys and slopes of an area. Where contour lines are closest together, the slopes are steepest and where far apart, the land is more nearly flat. A perfectly flat area would show no contour lines at all. Where contour lines are equally spaced, slopes are uniform and vice versa. Slope angles, or gradients, can be determined by noting, by use of contour lines, how much vertical change in elevation occurs in a measured horizontal (map) distance. For example, Potter Shop Road west from Abington rises 200 feet, from 850 feet to 1,050 feet in elevation in a horizontal (map) distance of about 7,000 feet. This rise averages a little less than 3 feet vertically in each 100 feet horizontally, or the grade is slightly less than 3 percent. Direction of stream flow can be determined quickly by noting in which way the stream crosses lower elevation contours; that is, which is the downhill direction. Stream gradient can be calculated in the same way as slope or road gradients

This map shows that the overall topographic "grain" of most of Wayne County consists of northeast-southwest trending stream valleys separated by flat, higher divides. Valley bottoms are narrowest and valley walls steepest in the southeast part of the county. Local relief (vertical distance between high and low points) is less than 150 feet in most areas, with the greatest relief in the southeast part of the county. The total relief in Wayne County is about 400 feet.

For some purposes, a contour interval of 50 feet may be too large. For those needing more detailed information, topographic quadrangle maps with a contour interval of 10 feet are available from the U.S. Geological Survey. Parts, or all, of the following 16 quadrangles are included in Wayne County: Modoc, Carlos, Lynn, Spartanburg, Hagerstown, Greens Fork, Fountain City, Whitewater, Cambridge City, Jacksonburg, Richmond, New Paris, Connersville, Brownsville, Liberty and Fairhaven.

The general soil map shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, relief and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map is a unique cultural landscape. Typically, a map unit consists of one or more major soils and some minor soils. It is named for the major soils. The soils making up one unit can occur in other units but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the potential or suitability of large areas for general kinds of land use. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, drainage and other characteristics that affect management. The general soil map has value in planning the general outline of urban expansion, although it cannot be used to select sites for specific buildings or structures.

The soils of Wayne County were first mapped in 1925. The soil names used on pages 11 and 12 are based on the 1925 survey. A modern soil survey was completed in 1981. Due to changes in concepts of soil series and in the adoption of the soil classification system, the names and boundaries of the two surveys may not match. On the basis of the recent mapping, the following general soil associations are recognized in Wayne County.

This map unit occupies about 1% of the county, of which about 88% is Stonelick and 12% minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level, well drained soils formed in alluvium. These soils occupy the floodplains of stream and are lower in elevation than the adjacent river terraces.

The minor soils within the unit are Sloan and Shoals.

These soils are well suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with flooding being the major management concern. Due to flooding, building site development on these soils is unsuited.

This map occupies about 20% of the county, of which about 35% is Eldean, 25% is Ockley and 40% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained and very poorly drained soils formed in outwash. These soils occupy terraces, which are higher than adjacent flood plains and lower than the adjacent uplands, along the major drainage ways that dissect the county.

The well drained Eldean soils underlain with sand and gravel at a depth of 20-40 inches are located on broad level and sloping terraces while the well drained Ockley soils are located on broad terraces and are underlain with sand and gravel at depths of greater than 40 inches.

The minor soils within the unit are Genesee, Stonelick, Shoals, Sleeth, Westland, Mahalasville and Rodman.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with erosion and drought being the major management concerns. These soils are also suited to building site development but have major concerns of poor filtering and low strength.

This map unit occupies about 3% of the county, of which about 29% is Xenia, 23% is Russell, 14% is Miami and 34% are minor soils. It consists of deep, gently sloping to strongly sloping well drained and moderately well drained soils formed in loess and glacial till.

The moderately well drained Xenia soils are located on the broad loess covered ridge tops while the well drained Russell soils occur on the side slopes and narrow ridge tops along drainage ways. The well drained Miami soils occur also on the side slopes.

The minor soils within the unit are Stonelick, Shoals, Treaty, Fincastle and Hennepin.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops. Pasture and woodland with erosion being the major management concern. These soils are also suited to building site development but have major concerns of low strength, frost action, permeability and wetness.

This map unit occupies about 46% of the county, of which about 40% is Miami, 22% is Crosby, 21% is Strawn and 17% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level to steep, well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils formed in glacial till. These soils occupy ridge tops and side slopes along drainage ways on uplands with the somewhat poorly drained soils on the ridge top and the well drained soils on the side slope.

The well drained Miami soils are located on higher positions of the uplands or on side slopes along drainage ways. The somewhat poorly drained Crosby soils are located on the nearly level ridge tops and the well drained Hiser soils occur on the severely eroded side slopes along drainage ways.

The minor soils within the unit are Treaty, Celina, Genesee, Stonelick and Shoals.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with erosion and wetness being the major management concerns. Building site development on these soils is limited due to slope, wetness and permeability.

This map unit occupies about 5% of the county, of which about 71% is Lewisburg, 19% is Crosby and 10% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level to strongly sloping well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils formed in glacial till. These soils occupy broad ridge tops along drainage ways on uplands.

The well drained Lewisburg soils are located on the side slopes adjacent to drainage ways while the somewhat poorly drained Crosby soils occur on the higher irregular shaped flats and low knolls in the landscape.

The minor soils within the unit are Eldean, Genesee and Treaty.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with erosion and wetness being major management concerns. Building site development on these soils is limited due to wetness, slope and permeability.

This map unit occupies about 2% of the county, of which about 19% is Treaty, 21% is Ragsdale, 14% is Fincastle and 46% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level, poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loess and glacial till. These soils occupy island-like areas surrounded by depressions and swales on loess covered upland.

The very poorly drained Treaty and Ragsdale soils are located in the swales and depressions while the somewhat poorly drained Fincastle soils are on island like slight rises in the landscape.

The minor soils within the unit are Miami, Russell, Xenia, Reesville and Halpaaquepts.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with wetness being the major management concern. Building site development on these soils is limited due to wetness, slope and permeability.

This map unit occupies about 10% of the county, of which about 60% is Crosby, 20% is Treaty and 20% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level, somewhat poorly drained and very poorly drained soils formed in glacial till. These soils occupy island-like areas surrounded by depressions and swales on uplands.

The somewhat poorly drained Crosby soils are located on the higher, island-like low knolls while the very poorly drained treaty soils occur in depressions and swales.

The minor soils within the unit are Hiser, Miami, Celina, Genesee and Shoals.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with wetness being the major management concern. Building site development is limited due to wetness, ponding and permeability.

This map unit occupies about 8% of the county, of which about 42% is Crosby, 35% is Lewisburg, 15% Treaty and 8% are minor soils. It consists of deep, nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained, somewhat poorly drained and very poorly drained soils formed in glacial till and loess. These soils occupy the side slopes, small flats, drainage ways and depressions on rolling uplands.

The somewhat poorly drained Crosby soils are located on the irregular shaped flats and low knolls in the landscape while the well drained Lewisburg soils occur on the side slopes adjacent to drainage ways and the very poorly drained Treaty soils occur in depressions and narrow shallow drainage ways.

The minor soils within the unit are Eldean, Genesee and Celina.

These soils are suited to cultivated crops, pasture and woodland with erosion, wetness and large stones being the major management concerns. Building site development is limited due to wetness, slope, permeability and ponding.

This map unit occupies about 5% of the county, of which about 23% is Miami, 16% is Wynn, 13% is Eden and 48% are minor soils. It consists of deep and moderately deep, gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils formed in glacial till. These soils occupy narrow ridges and steep side slopes adjacent to drainage ways and uplands.

The well drained Miami soils are located on slightly higher elevations in the landscape, with more than 60 inches of soil over bedrock. The well drained Wynn soils occur on less sloping areas above the Eden soils of the bedrock-controlled topography with a depth to bedrock of 20 to 40 inches. The well drained Eden soils occur on the steep side slopes of drainageways with bedrock at depths of 20 to 40 inches.

The minor soils of the map unit are Treaty, Millsdale, Crosby, Randolph, Hiser, Rodman, Hennepin, Eldean, Ockley, Stonelick and Shoals.

The gently sloping and moderately sloping soils are suited to cultivated crops with erosion being the main management concern while the more sloping soils are poorly suited for cultivated crops but are well suited to pasture and woodland. Building site development is limited due to slopes, depth to bedrock and permeability.

In addition to general soils associations, land is also classified according to its capability for growing farm crops, grass, trees or wildlife habitat. The land use classification assigns the Class I designation to soils that are ideally suited for crop production and have no limitations which must be corrected before use. Higher class numbers are assigned to soils that have limitations that increase hazards and costs of crop production.

The 252,135 acres of land in Wayne County fall into the following capability classes.

I 16,450 acres V 100 acres

II 166,925 acres VI 9,905 acres

III 21,095 acres VII 5,320 acres

IV 32,340 acres VIII 0 acres

A description of the eight land capability classifications follows:

Class I is very good, productive land that can be safely cultivated with ordinary farming methods. It is nearly level, deep, well or moderately well drained, easily worked and suitable for intensive cultivation. Soils in Class I have little or no hazard of erosion or flooding during the cropping season and have no other permanent limitation. They will grow all crops suited to the climate.

Class II is good land but has some limitations that make it a little more difficult to manage than Class I land. Soils in this class require careful soil management to prevent deterioration when cultivated. Class II soil may be limited by the effects of gentle slopes, moderate susceptibility to erosion or effects of past erosion, shallow soil depth, and or wetness correctable by drainage.

Class III land is moderately good for cultivation. It can be farmed regularly, but its limitations are greater than for Class II land and, therefore, must be farmed more carefully.

Soils in this class may be affected by moderate slopes, highly susceptible to erosion or severely affected by past erosion, very wet or other limitation affecting the depth of rooting zone for crops.

Soils in Class IV have very severe limitations that restrict their use for cultivated crops and require very careful management. The use of Class IV land for cultivated crops is limited by the effects of one or more of these permanent features: (1) strong slope, (2) susceptibility to erosion, (3) severe past erosion, (4) very shallow soils with limited root zone, (5) low moisture-holding capacity, and (6) excess wetness with a continuing hazard of waterlogging even after drainage.

Soils in Class V have little or no erosion hazard but have other natural features that make them unsuited for cultivation. They are nearly level, but some are wet, cut up by braided stream channels, frequently overflowed, stony or have some combination of these limitations that prevent normal tillage of cultivated crops. These soils are more suitable for pastures.

Soils in Class VI have severe limitations that make them generally unsuited for cultivation and limit their use largely to pasture, woodland or to wildlife food production or cover. These soils have one or more of these natural features which cannot be corrected: (1) steep slopes, (2) severe erosion hazard, (3) very thin or no surface soil because of severe past erosion, (4) very shallow rooting zone, (5) stoniness, and (6) low moisture-holding capacity. These may occur singly or in combination. Most soils in Class VI are on steep rolling areas or along drainage ways and are in pasture or revested back to trees.

Soils in Class VII have very severe limitations that make them unsuited for cultivation and that restrict their use to woodland, wildlife food production or cover, or permanent pasture. These soils have natural features similar to those in Class VI, but the restrictions are more severe. Soils in Class VII may be very steep, steep and gullied, stony, and steep with severe erosion.

Soils and landforms in Class VIII have natural features that limit their use to recreation, wildlife or aesthetic purposes. These soils and landforms cannot be expected to return significant benefits from management for crops, grasses or trees. Class VIII includes outcrops, riverwash, shaft mine and some strip mine dumps, shallow lakes, sand beaches and other nearly barren lands.

More detailed descriptions and information on soils in Wayne County may be obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation Service Office in the County Administration Building, Richmond, Indiana, 966-8219.

The Potentially Suitable Landfill Sites map shows, by cross-hatching, those parts of Wayne County which existing geological and soils data indicate to be potentially suitable for an environmentally acceptable landfill. Areas not cross-hatched are unsuitable for a landfill because of one or more geological or soil limitation. Suitability as shown on this map, is based only on the physical properties of the surface and subsurface earth material as shown on geological and soils maps of Wayne County. Other constraints such as present land use, and legal, political or social concerns were not considered.

Geological constraints which eliminated some areas are the presence of aquifers (water-bearing material), sand or gravel at or near the surface and the existence of bedrock at shallow depths. Soils maps were used to eliminate flood prone areas and areas where soils are too steep, dominantly wet or poorly drained or contain numerous boulders. Remaining areas are identified as potentially suitable.

This map is intended for general planning only. When specific landfill sites are identified, detailed soil and subsurface geological investigations will be needed to verify that no undesirable material or condition exists, either on or below the surface, that could result in landfill leachates being transmitted to wells, aquifers, water courses or bodies or any other water source.

The Refuse Disposal Sites map shows approximate locations of former city and town open dumpsites, industrial dump sites and city managed landfills.

Prior to the adoption of legislation to control the disposal of refuse, it was the policy of towns and communities to use open dumpsites.

These sites were often in low lying areas, abandoned gravel pits, on eroded river banks, or on areas made available by individuals who wished to have a low spot filled. After many of these areas were filled, they were developed for residential or commercial use.

The areas shown on the "Refuse Disposal Sites Map" indicate the approximate locations of major dumpsites used prior to present regulations. Records do not show any legal description of the properties used.

The Indiana Legislature passed laws in 1965 and 1969 that required counties, cities and towns to operate and maintain facilities for the collection and disposal of refuse and declared open dumps to be unfavorable to human health.

Both Wayne County and the City of Richmond passed garbage and trash control ordinances in 1969. A Wayne County Health Department regulation issued in 1970 prohibited open dumps after January 1, 1971. Since that time Wayne County solid waste has been disposed of at New Paris Pike landfill owned and operated by Richmond Sanitary District or by transport to an out-of-county landfill. Certain industries dispose of their industrial wastes at sites on their own properties.

Prepared by Mal Price and Shirley Rodgers April 1986